Electric induction heat treatment of an end of tubular material

ABSTRACT

A magnetic flux concentrator is used to control the end heating of a tubular material in an electric induction heat treatment process. The magnetic flux concentrator may consist of fixed elements, or a combination of fixed and moveable elements to accommodate end heating of tubular materials having different dimensions or material properties.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 11/691,751,filed Mar. 27, 2007, which application claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Application No. 60/794,492, filed Apr. 24, 2006, both ofwhich applications are hereby incorporated herein by reference in theirentireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to electric induction heat treatment ofthe end regions of a tubular material.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Electric induction heating can be used to heat treat tubular materialssuch as metal tubes and pipes. Typically the tubular material is held inplace within a solenoidal induction coil as illustrated in FIG. 1. Tube90 is placed within solenoidal coil 30. When suitable ac power isapplied to the coil, the tube is inductively heated by magnetic couplingwith the longitudinal flux field established by the flow of ac currentthrough the coil. The heat treatment may be, for example, annealing,normalizing, stress relieving, coating, drying, hardening or temperingof the end of the tubular material. In other applications induction endheating of tubular products can be used for heating ends prior to metalforming operations. Some applications require uniform heating of aspecific length of an end portion of the tubular material.

As shown in FIG. 1, when uniform end heat treatment is desired, thetubular material is situated in the coil so that the coil “overhangs”the end of the material. Generally the longitudinal axis, X, of the coiland tubular material are coincident and the solenoidal coil is shaped tocoincide with the shape of the tubular material. The overhang distance,x_(oh), controls the shape of the flux field established at an axial endof the coil beyond the end of the tubular material so that the fluxfield intensity is established within the end of the material touniformly heat it to the required length. The proper overhang distanceis affected by a number of parameters, including the outside diameter ofthe tubular material, the material's thickness, physical andmetallurgical properties, and the frequency of the ac power applied tothe coil. Therefore different coils are required for tubular materialsof different sizes, or for heat treating the same tubular material todifferent end lengths. Compare, for example, FIG. 2(a), FIG. 2(b) andFIG. 2(c) wherein the same induction coil 30 and overhang distance,x_(oh), is used to induction heat an end of: (1) tubular material 90 ahaving an outside diameter (OD) equal to OD₁ and thickness t₁; (2)tubular material 90 b having an outside diameter OD₂, which is smallerthan OD₁, and thickness t₁; and (3) tubular material 90 c having anoutside diameter OD₂ and thickness t₂, which is greater than t₁,respectively. As illustrated by the graphs in FIG. 2(d), for tubularmaterial 90 a in FIG. 2(a), required end heated length 92, thermaltransition zone 94 and cold zone 96 all vary. The term “required endheated length” typically refers to a uniform heating temperaturedistribution over the required end heated length. Since heat cannot beinduced in an end length of the material with an abrupt transition to a“no heat” (or cold) end zone, there is an end length with a thermaltransition zone 94 wherein the heat decreases gradually towards the coldzone 96 due to a “soaking” effect whereby heat induced in the requiredend heated length conducts from the required end heated length 92towards the cold zone 96. Control of both the required end heated lengthand the length of the thermal transition zone is important in some heattreatment processes. For tubular materials 90 b and 90 c in FIG. 2(b)and FIG. 2(c), respectively, due to the electromagnetic end effect thatexists at the coil end, the materials are not sufficiently heated alongthe full length of required end heated length 92′ and 92″, respectively.At the end of the tube there is under-heated zone 91. When it isnecessary to heat a tubular material with a smaller OD using a coildesigned for a larger OD, the end of the tube will be under-heated (zone91) due to the reduction of heat sources caused by the electromagneticend effect. If the tubular material is of the same shape, but fabricatedfrom a material having different physical or metallurgical properties,for example a metal that has higher electrical resistivity, then the endof the tube will also be under-heated due to the reduction of heatsources caused by the electromagnetic end effect.

Alternatively a single coil with multiple taps of ac power connectionsalong the length of the coil would allow some additional flexibility foruniform tubular end heating of tubular materials of different dimensionsor metallurgical composition. By using appropriate taps for ac powerconnection, the energized length of the coil can be changed to adjustthe overhang distance. Unfortunately, there is a limitation in usingcoil overhang for obtaining a uniform end heating. This limitation isparticularly noticeable when heating magnetic metals below Curietemperature. After reaching certain values, a further increase in coiloverhang will not compensate for the lack of heat sources caused by theelectromagnetic end effect. In addition, large coil overhangs result ina reduction in coil efficiency and coil power factor. Both factorsnegatively affect cost effectiveness and flexibility of an inductionsystem due to higher energy losses and the necessity to use specialmeans for coil power factor correction.

One object of the present invention is to improve the end temperatureheating uniformity of various types of tubular materials in an electricinduction heat treatment process wherein at least one end region of thetubular material is inserted into a solenoidal induction coil. Anotherobject of the present invention is improving flexibility of theinduction heating system to permit required (for example, uniform)heating of tubular products of different geometries and materials usingthe same induction heater.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect the present invention is an apparatus and method ofelectric induction heating of the end regions of a tubular material. Atleast one end region of the tubular material is inserted into aninduction coil that is supplied with ac power to establish an acmagnetic field that couples with the tubular material to inductivelyheat it. In some examples of the invention, the end of tube fluxconcentrator comprises a base, a plurality of peripheral poles extendingaround the peripheral regions of a tube-facing side of the base, and atleast one central pole extending generally from the central region ofthe tube-facing side of the base. The longitudinal axis of the fluxconcentrator passes through, and is generally perpendicular to, thetube-facing side of the base. The at least one central pole protrudes atleast partially into the overhang region of the induction coil that isadjacent to the end of the tube, and the plurality of peripheral polesextend at least partially around the exterior of the end of theinduction coil. In some examples of the invention, the flux concentratoris moveable to selectively control: the distance of protrusion of theflux concentrator into the induction coil, or into the end of the tubein the induction coil; the extension distance of the plurality ofperipheral poles around the exterior of the end of the induction coil;and/or the distance of the base from the end of the induction coil. Inother examples of the invention, the at least one central pole ismoveable relative to the base and the plurality of peripheral poles inthe direction of the longitudinal axis of the flux concentrator. Inother examples of the invention, the flux concentrator can include a leglocated adjacent to the extended end of at least one of the plurality ofperipheral poles. The leg is optionally moveable in a directiongenerally parallel to the length of the at least one of the plurality ofperipheral poles. In other examples of the invention, the base does notprotrude into the end of the induction coil; alternatively a base offsetelement, positioned between the tube-facing surface of the base and theend of the tubular material, can protrude into the induction coil; ineither of these alternative arrangements, the end of the tube can beplaced against the surface of the base, or the base offset element,respectively, or spaced apart from the respective surface. In otherexamples of the invention, the flux concentrator may be an annulus, oran adjustable iris diaphragm, that can be selectively aligned with thelongitudinal axis of the end of the tubular material in the inductioncoil.

In another aspect the present invention is an apparatus and method ofelectric induction heating of the end regions of a tubular material. Atleast one end of the tubular material is inserted into an induction coilthat is supplied with ac power to establish an ac magnetic field thatcouples with the tubular material to inductively heat it. In someexamples of the invention, an end of tube flux concentrator comprises abase, central pole and a plurality of peripheral poles. The base isformed from a plurality of base legs radially distributed about thelongitudinal axis of the flux concentrator. The central pole comprises aplurality of wedge elements, each of which generally extendsperpendicularly from the tube-facing side of the converging end of eachof the plurality of base legs. Each of the polarity of peripheral polesgenerally extends perpendicularly from the tube-facing side of thediverging end of each of the plurality of base leg elements to anextended end. The longitudinal axis of the flux concentrator passesthrough and is generally perpendicular to the plane established by theplurality of base legs. In some examples of the invention, the centralpole protrudes at least into the overhang region of the induction coilthat is adjacent to the end of the tube, and the plurality of peripheralpoles extend at least partially around the exterior of the end of theinduction coil. In some examples of the invention, the flux concentratoris moveable to selectively control: the distance of protrusion of theflux concentrator into the induction coil, or into the end of the tubein the induction coil; the extension distance of the plurality ofperipheral poles around the exterior of the end of the induction coil;and/or the distance of the base from the end of the induction coil. Inother examples of the invention, the combination of the base and centralpole is moveable relative to the peripheral poles in the direction ofthe longitudinal axis of the flux concentrator. In other examples of theinvention, the flux concentrator can include a leg located adjacent tothe extended end of at least one of the plurality of peripheral poles.The leg is optionally moveable in a direction generally parallel to thelongitudinal axis of the flux concentrator. In other examples of theinvention, the base, which comprises the plurality of base legs, and thecentral pole, which comprises the plurality of wedge elements, can beradially adjusted relative to the longitudinal axis of the fluxconcentrator.

The above and other aspects of the invention are further set forth inthis specification and the appended claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The appended drawings, as briefly summarized below, are provided forexemplary understanding of the invention, and do not limit the inventionas further set forth in this specification and the appended claims:

FIG. 1 illustrates in a cross sectional diagram a prior art apparatusfor electric induction heat treatment of a tubular material.

FIG. 2(a), FIG. 2(b) and FIG. 2(c) illustrate in cross sectionaldiagrams, prior art apparatus for electric induction heat treatment oftubular materials having different dimensions.

FIG. 2(d) graphically compares induced end heating of tubular materialsshown in FIG. 2(a), FIG. 2(b) and FIG. 2(c).

FIG. 3 illustrates in a cross sectional diagram one example of theelectric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubular material of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4(a) and FIG. 4(b) illustrate in cross sectional diagrams anotherexample of the electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubularmaterial of the present invention.

FIG. 5(a) and FIG. 5(b) illustrate in cross sectional diagrams anotherexample of the electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubularmaterial of the present invention.

FIG. 6(a) and FIG. 6(b) illustrate in cross sectional diagrams anotherexample of the electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubularmaterial of the present invention.

FIG. 7(a), FIG. 7(b) and FIG. 7(c) illustrate in an end elevational viewalternative examples of the magnetic flux concentrator illustrated inFIG. 3 with varying number of peripheral poles.

FIG. 8(a) is a perspective view of the magnetic flux concentratorillustrated in FIG. 7(a).

FIG. 8(b) is a perspective view of a magnetic flux concentrator with aconical central section used for electric induction heat treatment of anend of a tubular material of the present invention.

FIG. 9(a) and FIG. 9(b) illustrate in cross sectional diagrams anotherexample of the electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubularmaterial of the present invention.

FIG. 10(a), FIG. 10(b) and FIG. 10(c) illustrate in cross sectionaldiagrams another example of the electric induction heat treatment of anend of a tubular material of the present invention.

FIG. 11(a) illustrates in cross sectional diagram another example of theelectric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubular material of thepresent invention.

FIG. 11(b) is an end elevational view of one example of an adjustableiris diaphragm used with some examples of the electric induction heattreatment of an end of a tubular material of the present invention.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of another magnetic flux concentrator usedfor electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubular material ofthe present invention.

FIG. 13(a) and FIG. 13(b) illustrate in cross sectional diagrams anotherexample of the electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubularmaterial of the present invention.

FIG. 14(a) and FIG. 14(b) illustrate in cross sectional diagrams anotherexample of the electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubularmaterial of the present invention.

FIG. 15(a) and FIG. 15(b) illustrate in cross sectional diagrams anotherexample of the electric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubularmaterial of the present invention.

FIG. 16(a), FIG. 16(b) and FIG. 16(c) illustrate in an end elevationalview alternative examples of the magnetic flux concentrator illustratedin FIG. 12 with varying number of peripheral poles.

FIG. 17(a), FIG. 17(b) and FIG. 17(c) illustrate another example of theelectric induction heat treatment of an end of a tubular material of thepresent invention wherein the magnetic flux concentrator has elementsradially adjustable along the central axis of the tubular material.

FIG. 18(a), FIG. 18(b) and FIG. 18(c) illustrate repositioning of theadjustable elements of the magnetic flux concentrator illustrated inFIG. 17(a), FIG. 17(b) and FIG. 17(c).

FIG. 19 illustrates one example of the electric induction heat treatmentof an end of a tubular material of the present invention wherein aninduction coil with variable turns ratio is used.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

One non-limiting example of the electric induction heat treatmentapparatus for end heating of a tubular material of the present inventionis illustrated in FIG. 3. End of tube magnetic flux concentrator 10comprises base 10 a having a plurality of peripheral poles 10 b and acentral pole 10 c extending from a surface of the base generally in theaxial direction of tubular material 95, which is inserted into inductioncoil 30 for induction heat treatment when ac power is applied to thecoil. The central pole is located interior to the inside diameter of thetubular material. The peripheral poles are located around the peripheralregions of the base and are external to the exterior surface of thetubular material and the induction coil as shown in the FIG. 3.Concentrator 10 can be moved either in the +X or −X direction toaccommodate tubular materials of different dimensions, or to affect theend lengths of heat treatment. Changing the position of concentrator 10relative to the fixed position of coil 30 and tubular material 95results in controlled end heating of tubular material of differentsizes, lengths or metallurgical properties within the same coil.

For example, FIG. 4(a) and FIG. 4(b) illustrate the use of the samemagnetic flux concentrator 10 to heat two tubular materials havingdifferent inside diameters and wall thicknesses, namely tubular material95 a in FIG. 4(a), which has a smaller inside diameter and greaterthickness than tubular element 95 b in FIG. 4(b). In FIG. 4(a) the endof central pole 10 c of concentrator 10 is positioned along the X-axisin the interior opening of the tubular element 95 a for a distance x₁ toachieve required end heated length 92; whereas in FIG. 4(b) central pole10 c of concentrator 10 is positioned along the X-axis into the interioropening of tubular element 95 b for a distance x₂ to achieve requiredend heated length 92. Depending upon specific requirements of anapplication, the distance x₂ could be negative (X-position of the end ofthe tubular material establishing x=0 as indicated in FIG. 4(b)); thatis, the end 10 c _(end) of the central pole 10 c can be located at acertain distance outside of the tube in the coil overhang region.

FIG. 5(a) and FIG. 5(b) illustrate another non-limiting example of thepresent invention. In these examples of the invention, concentrator 11comprises base element 11 a, a plurality of peripheral poles 11 b andcentral pole 11 c. Additionally the base and peripheral poles are fixedin position, along with solenoidal coil 30 and tubular material 95 c or95 d. The base and peripheral poles surround at least a part of thelongitudinal length of coil 30. Optionally leg element 11 d may beprovided for one or more of the peripheral poles. In this example, legelement 11 d is located at the extended end of each peripheral pole andfaces the exterior of the tubular material. Central pole 11 c can movein the +X and −X directions along the X-axis. As illustrated in FIG.5(a) the end of central pole 11 c is positioned along the X-axis intothe interior opening of tubular element 95 c for a distance of x₃ toachieve required end heated length 92; whereas in FIG. 5(b) central pole11 c of concentrator 11 is positioned along the X-axis into the interioropening of tubular element 95 d for a distance X₄ to achieve requiredend heated length 92. Depending upon specific requirements of anapplication, the distance X₄ could be negative; that is, the end 11 c_(end) of the central pole 11 c can be located at a certain distanceoutside of the tube in the coil overhang region.

FIG. 6(a) and FIG. 6(b) illustrate another non-limiting example of thepresent invention. These examples are similar to those in FIG. 5(a) andFIG. 5(b) except that leg element 11 d is moveable in a directiongenerally parallel to the length of the adjacent peripheral poleelement. This example of the present invention is particularly useful incontrolling the thermal transition length 94. As illustrated in FIG.6(a), leg element 11 d is positioned along the peripheral pole elementat a distance of x′₅ from the extended end of the peripheral poleelement to achieve required end heated length 92; whereas in FIG. 6(b),leg element 11 d is positioned at x′₀, which is defined as the end ofthe peripheral pole element. In other examples of the invention, acombination of movement of leg element 11 d and central pole 11 c, asdescribed above, may be used.

In other non-limiting examples of the invention, any of the fluxconcentrators may be an “E”-shaped concentrator comprising a pair ofperipheral poles as illustrated in FIG. 7(a) and FIG. 8(a) or FIG. 8(b).In other examples of the invention, the number of peripheral poles maybe increased, for example, to four or six, as shown in FIG. 7(b) andFIG. 7(c), respectively, or any other number of poles. Although theperipheral poles are illustrated as curved rectangular elements in FIG.8(a) and FIG. 8(b), they may be of different shapes, as long as theyestablish a magnetic field around the end of the tubular material insidethe induction coil. As a limitation, the number of poles may increase tothe point that the peripheral poles generate into a solid cylindricalperipheral pole structure around the base element of the concentrator.Although the base elements of the above flux concentrators areillustrated as circular disks in FIG. 7(a) through FIG. 7(c), FIG. 8(a)and FIG. 8(b), they may be of other shapes depending upon the particulartubular material to be inductively heat treated. Although the centralpole is illustrated as a single cylindrical element in some of the aboveexamples of the invention, the central pole may be of different shapes,for example, conical as shown in FIG. 8(b), and may consist of multiplecentral pole elements that establish a composite magnetic field aroundthe end of the tubular material.

FIG. 9(a) and FIG. 9(b) illustrate examples of the present inventionthat are particularly suited for use with low resistivity tubularmaterial (for example, copper, brass or aluminum compositions). In theexample of FIG. 9(a), a central pole element is not used. Concentrator13 comprises base element 13 a, and a plurality of peripheral poles 13b, each of which has an optional leg element 13 d, located adjacent toits extended end. Base element 13 a is an annulus in this non-limitingexample of the invention. Alternatively base element 13 a may be anadjustable iris diaphragm with an adjustable opening or aperture asillustrated in FIG. 11(b). The base, peripheral poles and legs are fixedin position, along with solenoidal coil 30 and tubular material 95 g.The base, peripheral poles and legs surround at least a part of thelongitudinal length of coil 30. The end of tubular material 95 g isflush with the facing surface of base element 13 a, and consequently,there is no overhang distance. Although FIG. 9(a) and FIG. 9(b) show theend of tubular material 95 g and 95 h, respectively, flush with baseelement 13 a and 13 a′, respectively, of the flux concentrator, in otherexamples of the invention, the end of the tube may be offset from thesurface of the base, and the diameter, d₁, of the annulus hole may besmaller that the inner diameter of the tubular material inside theinduction coil. The arrangement shown in FIG. 9(b) is similar to thearrangement in FIG. 9(a) except that base element 13 a′ of concentrator13′ is a solid cylindrical disk.

FIG. 10(a), FIG. 10(b) and FIG. 10(c) illustrate examples of the presentinvention that are particularly suited for use with high resistivitytubular material (for example, graphite or electrically conductiveceramic compositions). In the example of FIG. 10(a), a central poleelement is not used. Concentrator 14 comprises base element 14 a, and aplurality of peripheral poles 14 b, each of which has an optional legelement 14 d located adjacent to its extended end. Base element 14 a isan annulus in this non-limiting example of the invention and has annularoffset element 14 e extending around its opening on the tube-facing sideof the base element to extend the base element into the overhang region.All elements of concentrator 14 are fixed in position, along withsolenoidal coil 30 and tubular material 95 j, during the heatingprocess. The end of tubular material 95 j is flush with the facingsurface of annular offset element 14 e. The arrangement shown in FIG.10(b) is similar to the arrangement in FIG. 10(a) except that baseelement 14 a′ of concentrator 14′ is a solid cylindrical disk. Thearrangement shown in FIG. 10(c) is similar to the arrangement shown inFIG. 10(b) except that offset element 14 e″ of concentrator 14″ is asolid cylindrical disk.

FIG. 11(a) and FIG. 11(b) illustrate examples of the present inventionparticularly suitable for use with low resistivity tubular material. Inthese examples, the end of tube flux concentrator comprises fixedannulus 15, as shown in FIG. 11(a), or adjustable iris diaphragm 15′, asshown in FIG. 11(b), which effectively functions as an annulus with avariable opening to accommodate induction heating of tubular materialswith different properties and physical characteristics. FIG. 11(b) showsa typical, but non-limiting, example of an adjustable iris diaphragmwherein blades 15′a are rotationally attached to mounting structure 15′bso that rotation of the blades results in increasing or decreasing thesize of opening 15′c. The central axes of both annulus 15 and diaphragm15′ can be aligned with the central axis of either the induction coil orthe tube within the induction coil. An overhang distance, as illustratedin FIG. 11(a), may be provided when either the annulus or diaphragm isused, or the end of the tube may be in contact with the surface of theannulus or diaphragm. The fixed radius of the annulus 15, or variableradius of diaphragm 15′, can range from less than the inner diameter ofthe tubular material to the inner dimension (e.g. diameter) of theinduction coil.

When a central pole element is used in other examples of the invention,the central pole element may comprise a plurality of structures thatcollectively form a central pole element to establish a particular fluxpath around the central axis of the tubular material. For example, inFIG. 12, magnetic flux concentrator 20 comprises base 20 a, peripheralpoles 20 b and central pole 20 c, wherein central pole 20 c comprisesfour wedge elements 20 c′ arranged symmetrically around a central axis.Each wedge element 20 c′ has a base leg element 20 a′ extendingsubstantially perpendicular from one end (referred to as the convergingend) of the wedge element to collectively form base 20 a. Peripheralpole 20 b extends from the opposing end (referred to as the divergingend) of each edge element as shown in FIG. 12 and FIG. 16(a). In otherexamples of the invention the number of peripheral poles may beincreased, for example, to four or six, as shown in FIG. 16(b) and FIG.16(c), respectively, or any other number of poles.

FIG. 13(a) and FIG. 13(b) illustrate examples of concentrator 20 whereintwo peripheral poles 20 b are used. The arrangement and configuration issimilar to that in FIG. 4(a) and FIG. 4(b), respectively, except that inFIG. 4(a) and FIG. 4(b) a cylindrical base 10 a and central pole 10 care used. In FIG. 13(a) the end of central pole 20 c (comprising twowedge elements 20 c′) is positioned about the X-axis in the interioropening of the tubular element 95 p for a distance x₁ to achieverequired end heated length 92; whereas in FIG. 13(b) central pole 20 cof concentrator 20 is positioned along the X-axis into the interioropening of tubular element 95 q for a distance x₂ to achieve requiredend heated length 92. Depending upon specific requirements of anapplication, the distance x₂ could be negative; that is, end 202 c_(end) of the central pole 20 c can be located at a certain distanceoutside of the tube in the coil overhang region.

FIG. 14(a) and FIG. 14(b) illustrate examples of concentrator 21 whereinperipheral poles 21 b and optional leg elements 21 d are fixed, whilebase element 21 a (comprising two base leg elements 21 a′) and thecentral pole 21 c (comprising two wedge elements 21 c′) can be moved inthe +X and −X directions. The arrangement and configuration is similarto that in FIG. 5(a) and FIG. 5(b), respectively, except that in FIG.5(a) and FIG. 5(b) a cylindrical base 11 a and central pole 11 c areused, and only the central pole is moveable. As illustrated in FIG.14(a), the end of central pole 21 c is positioned along the X-axis intothe interior opening of tubular element 95 r for a distance of x₃ toachieve required end heated length 92; whereas in FIG. 14(b), centralpole 21 c of concentrator 21 is positioned along the X-axis into theinterior opening of tubular element 95 s for a distance x₄ to achieverequired end heated length 92.

FIG. 15(a) and FIG. 15(b) illustrate examples of concentrator 25 whereinperipheral poles 25 b are fixed while leg elements 25 d are moveable ina direction generally parallel to the length of its adjacent peripheralpole. The arrangement and configuration is similar to that in FIG. 6(a)and FIG. 6(b), respectively, except that in FIG. 6(a) and FIG. 6(b) acylindrical base 11 a and central pole 11 c are used. As illustrated inFIG. 15(a), leg element 25 d is positioned along peripheral pole element25 b at a distance of x′₅ from the extend end of the peripheral poleelement to achieve required end heated length 92; whereas in FIG. 15(b),leg element 25 d is positioned at x′₀, which is defined as the locationof the extended end of the peripheral pole element. In other examples ofthe invention, a combination of movement of leg elements 25 d, and baseelement 25 a (comprising two base leg elements 25 a′) and the centralpole 25 c (comprising two wedge elements 25 c′), as described above, maybe used.

In other examples of the invention, radial movement of selectedcomponents of the magnetic flux concentrator about the central axis ofthe tubular material can be accomplished, with or without movement ofone or more of the concentrator's components along the X-axis. Suitablemechanical elements may be used to provide the radial movement. By wayof example and not limitation, FIG. 17(a), FIG. 17(b) and FIG. 17(c)illustrate one example of the present invention wherein selectedcomponents of the magnetic flux concentrator are moved radially aboutthe central (longitudinal) axis of the tubular material. Such movementmay be useful in accommodating tubular material of different diametersas further described below. Referring to these figures, the exemplarymagnetic flux concentrator 22 is similar to concentrator 20 illustratedin FIG. 13(a) and FIG. 13(b) except for the following changes. There aresix peripheral poles 22 b that are located around induction coil 30,along with optional leg elements 22 d. Each base leg element 22 a′ andwedge element 22 c′ are radially moveable about central axis A-A′ of thetubular material. The six base leg elements are attached to structuralsupport element 44 via cam pins 46 through slots in cam follower 40 andcam plate 42 (47 and 45 respectively). Cam plate 42 is free to rotatebetween structural support element 44 and cam follower 40 whereby campins 46 slide each base leg element 22 a′ and wedge element 22 c′ eithertowards or away from the central axis. FIG. 18(a), FIG. 18(b) and FIG.18(c) illustrate the effect of rotating cam shaft 42 by actuator arm 48in the counterclockwise direction progressing from FIG. 18(a) to FIG.18(c). As the tubular material decreases in diameter from tube 95 x inFIG. 18(a) to tube 95 z in FIG. 18(c), wedge elements 22 c′ and base legelements 22 a′ move radially towards the central axis so that the wedgeelements can still be inserted within the interior of the tubularmaterial with minimal radial gap as the inside diameter of the tubularmaterial decreases.

Any of the flux concentrators of the present invention may be combinedwith a variable winding induction coil wherein the induction coil has atighter turn ratio (number of turns per unit length, L) around thethermal transition zone 94 than in the end heated length 92 asillustrated in FIG. 19.

Features of the magnetic flux concentrator of the present inventionillustrated in separate example of the invention may be combined inother examples of the invention. In all examples of the invention, themagnetic flux concentrator may be formed from any suitable material thatis magnetically conductive (high permeability) and has relatively highelectrical resistivity (low power loss). In form the magnetic fluxconcentrator may be a laminated stack of magnetic material, ferrite,iron-based and ferrite-based powder materials, and may be cast orassembled in parts.

In all examples of the invention, the term “tubular material” includespipes and tubes, but also includes any material having a longitudinal(central) axis and an interior opening. For example, the tubularmaterial may be rectangular in cross section and have a correspondingrectangular interior opening; in this example of the invention thecentral pole may be rectangular in shape for insertion into therectangular opening in the tubular material.

In all examples of the invention movement of the magnetic fluxconcentrator may be accomplished by any method, including but notlimited to, movement by a human operator, or a linear drive means, suchas an electric or hydraulic drive. Further movement may be manually orautomatically accomplished in some examples of the invention. Forexample sensors may sense the dimensions of the tubular material to bepresently heat treated, and output a signal to a processor whichexecutes a program for appropriately moving the position of theconcentrator. Sensors may be proximity sensors, sensing for example, theposition of the exterior and/or interior of the tubular material to beheat treated. In other examples of the invention a human operator mayinput data to a processor via a suitable input device, such as akeyboard, to identify the tubular material to be heat treated, and theflux concentrator would move according to a stored position value. Inother examples of the invention sensors may be used to sense in realtime point end heating temperatures, for examples, by pyrometers,infrared sensors or other thermal imaging sensors, to sense real timepoint end heating, to adaptively adjust the radial and axial position ofconcentrator. This alternative would account for metallurgical anomaliesin a particular size of tubular material and adjust the position ofconcentrator accordingly.

A single layer, multi-turn coil is shown in the above examples of theinvention. However the invention is not limited to a particular type ofcoil design. For example a single turn coil, multiple layers of coils,or multiple coils connected to a plurality of power sources may be usedwith the apparatus of the present invention.

Depending on the application and process requirements, different designsof flux concentrators may be used. For example lamination stacks may bea continuous circular element, or can be fabricated from multiplestacks. Depending upon application and specifics of processrequirements: a “C”-shaped (base element and two peripheral poles withno central pole); a double “C”-shaped (base element and four peripheralpoles with no central pole); a “T”-shaped (base element and central polewith no peripheral poles); or an “I”-shaped lamination or powder formedflux concentrator, or any combination of the above shapes, may be usedinstead of an “E”-shaped concentrator.

While the above examples of the invention describe keeping the positionof the solenoidal coil constant, in other examples of the invention acombination of the movement of the solenoidal coil and end magnetic fluxconcentrator described in any of the above examples of the invention maybe used without deviating from the scope of the invention. In otherexamples of the invention any of the concentrators and/or tubularmaterial in the above examples of the invention may be rotated duringthe induction heat treatment process.

The term “solenoidal induction coil” as used in the invention isunderstood in its broadest sense as any combination of one or moreinduction coils in which a magnetic field is generated when an accurrent flows through the one or more induction coils, and the magneticfield couples with the end of a tubular material inserted into the oneor more induction coil. The invention is not limited to a particulargeometric configuration of a induction coil.

In all examples of the invention, both ends of a tubular material can beinduction heated at the same time by inserting the entire length of thetubular material into a solenoidal induction coil so that an overhangdistance is established at both ends of the tubular material.

The above examples of the invention have been provided merely for thepurpose of explanation and are in no way to be construed as limiting ofthe present invention. While the invention has been described withreference to various embodiments, the words used herein are words ofdescription and illustration, rather than words of limitations. Althoughthe invention has been described herein with reference to particularmeans, materials and embodiments, the invention is not intended to belimited to the particulars disclosed herein; rather, the inventionextends to all functionally equivalent structures, methods and uses.Those skilled in the art, having the benefit of the teachings of thisspecification and the appended claims, may affect numerous modificationsthereto, and changes may be made without departing from the scope of theinvention in its aspects. The invention is not limited to what isdescribed above but also includes the invention as recited in theattached claims.

1. An end of tube flux concentrator comprising a base and a plurality ofperipheral poles radially distributed around the perimeter of the base,each of the plurality of peripheral poles extending generallyperpendicularly from the tube-facing side of the base to an extendedend.
 2. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 1 wherein the base iscylindrical, annular or an adjustable iris diaphragm.
 3. The end of tubeflux concentrator of claim 1 wherein the plurality of peripheral polesform a substantially solid cylindrical peripheral pole structure aroundthe base.
 4. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 1 furthercomprising a base offset element extending from the tube-facing surfaceof the base.
 5. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 1 furthercomprising at least one central pole extending generally from thecentral region of the tube-facing side of the base.
 6. The end of tubeflux concentrator of claim 5 wherein the at least one central pole iscylindrically or conically shaped.
 7. The end of tube flux concentratorof claim 5 wherein the at least one central pole is moveable along itsaxial length relative to the base.
 8. The end of tube flux concentratorof claim 7 wherein the at least one central pole is cylindrically orconically shaped.
 9. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 1wherein the base is moveable along its axial length relative to theplurality of peripheral poles.
 10. The end of tube flux concentrator ofclaim 1 further comprising a flux concentrator leg adjacent to theextended end of at least one of the plurality of peripheral poles, theflux concentrator leg oriented towards the longitudinal axis of the endof tube flux concentrator.
 11. The end of tube flux concentrator ofclaim 10 wherein the flux concentrator leg is moveable in a directionsubstantially parallel to the at least one of the plurality ofperipheral poles.
 12. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 5wherein the base is formed from a plurality of base legs radiallydistributed about the longitudinal axis of the flux concentrator; the atleast one central pole comprises a plurality of wedges, each of theplurality of wedges extending generally perpendicularly from thetube-facing side of the converging end of each of the plurality of baselegs; and each of the plurality of peripheral poles comprises aperipheral pole extending generally perpendicularly from the tubeend-facing side of the diverging end of each of the plurality of baselegs.
 13. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 12 wherein thecombination of the base and the at least one central pole is moveablealong the longitudinal axis of the flux concentrator relative to theperipheral poles.
 14. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 12further comprising a flux concentrator leg adjacent to the extended endof at least one of the plurality of peripheral poles, the fluxconcentrator leg oriented towards the longitudinal axis of the end oftube flux concentrator.
 15. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim14 wherein the flux concentrator leg is moveable in a directionsubstantially parallel to the at least one of the plurality ofperipheral poles.
 16. The end of tube flux concentrator of claim 12wherein the combination of the base and the at least one central pole ismoveable in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinalaxis of the flux concentrator.
 17. An end of tube flux concentratorcomprising a plurality of base legs, each of the plurality of base legsextending from a converging end substantially perpendicular to thelongitudinal axis of the flux concentrator; a wedge element extendinggenerally perpendicular from a tube-facing side of the converging end ofat least one of the plurality of base legs to collectively form acentral pole; a peripheral pole extending generally perpendicular fromthe tube-facing side of the end of at least one of the plurality of baselegs opposite the converging end of the at least one of the plurality ofbase legs.
 18. The end tube flux concentrator of claim 17 furthercomprising a flux concentrator leg adjacent to the extended end of atleast one of the peripheral poles.
 19. The end tube flux concentrator ofclaim 17 wherein the combination of the plurality of base legs and thecentral pole is moveable along the central axis of the fluxconcentrator.
 20. The end tube flux concentrator of claim 17 wherein thecombination of the plurality of base legs and the central pole ismoveable in a direction substantially perpendicular to the central axisof the flux concentrator.